I calculated the amount of energy used to make the water boil to be 334. In this experiment, minor head losses through a pipe section that has several bends, transitions, and fittings will be. Once the time has expired for all trophic levels, record your data and reset the experiment. Get an answer for evaluate the experiment below, identifying energy loss and errors, and access their effect on the efficiency. In this experiment, an orificeplate meter that measures flow rate from pressure. Thompson department of chemical engineering, university of cambridge, pembroke street, cambridge cb2 3ra, u. Dec 11, 2009 the experiment was determining the efficiency of energy conversion of boiling water in an electric kettle. Method for calculation of cost of electrical power system losses. We present a simple and inexpensive experiment to study the drainage of a cylindrical vessel. Energy losses in pipes used for the transportation of fluids water, petroleum, gas, etc. The focus of this study is on subcritical flow, a typical flow seen under a wide range of flow conditions. The losses in piping systems apparatus comprises a vertical panel with two separate hydraulic circuits, colourcoded for clarity. An experimental investigation of flow energy losses in. There are three types of forces that contribute to the total head in a pipe, which are elevation head, pressure head, and velocity head.
If required, these values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replaced with your own measurements. Different approaches have been used to control or minimize damage caused by erosion in particulated gassolid or liquidsolid flows. The two prosthetic valves generated approximately the same energy losses mean0. Evaluate the experiment below, identifying energy loss and. It is proven that the higher velocity along the smooth bore pipe, the higher is the head loss of water. Experimental study of bernoullis equation with losses. Experiment with changes in biotic and abiotic factors to observe the effects on heat transfer in leaves using liquid crystal leaf models. Abstract this experiment of the friction loss along a smooth pipe shows that there are existence of laminar and transitional flows as stated in graph 2.
In this experiment, we will determine and compare the net work done on m to its change in kinetic energy. It includes a matching exercise for the equipment needed and slides on variables, safety precautions and writing a conclusion. Experimental analysis of fluid mechanical energy losses in. The measured section consists of a pipe system with different fittings, a ballcock, an increase in size and a constriction. In this experiment, minor head losses through a pipe section that has several bends, transitions, and fittings will be measured. Data analysis of the experiment proved that the longer the bend, the lower the minor loss coefficient k was, which resulted in an experimental value of 0. Minor secondary head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions. These losses are usually converted into head reductions in the direction of the flow. Effect of bend radius on magnitude and location of erosion. Tecquipment h16 losses in piping systems introduction one of the most common problems in fluid mechanics is the estimation of pressure loss. Current methods for assessing the severity of aortic stenosis depend primarily on measures of maximum systolic pressure drop at the aortic valve orifice and related calculations such as valve area. Pipe flow introduction to determine whether a given device is a useful flowmeter, one must determine if a simple, reliable, monotonic relation exists between the flow magnitude and the devices output. The effect of air velocities and particle sizes on an erosion of ratio 2.
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction between fluid particles. Time how long it takes for the water to boil and record your result. Frictional loss is that part of the total head loss that occurs as the fluid flows through straight pipes. The central idea of molecular mechanics is that these constants are transferrable to other molecules. Erosions were observed in one location of the bend compared to multiple locations observed in the bend with for all velocities and particle sizes. The energy losses in bends and fittings accessory permits losses in different bends, a sudden contraction, sudden enlargement and a typical control valve to be demonstrated. The experiment was quite interesting, yet this handson approach lesson will help us succeed in the real engineering world as well. To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, a contraction, an enlargement and a gatevalve. Specific energy and channel transitions trapezoidal channel with b 8 ft, z 2, n 0. Hi all, im sure a lot of you know about the head loss due to sudden expansion. The manometer measures the pressure drop due to the pipe. Theoretical basics of energy losses in bends youtube.
It is becoming increasingly obvious, however, that the impact of the obstruction on the left ventricle is equally important in assessing its severity and could potentially be influenced by geometric. The experiment was determining the efficiency of energy conversion. Two types of energy loss predominate in fluid flow through a pipe network. Heat loss experiment teacher notes 1 the bell foundation. Minor secondary head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and outlets.
Hysteresis in magnetic materials objectives this experiment illustrates energy losses in a transformer by using hysteresis curves. A subset of the base runs one inflow and one outflow pipe was used to analyze scaling issues. The thermal conductivity for copper in a cylindrical bar was calculated to be 452. There was no reliable method of theoretically predicting pressure drop in elbow bends. Minor secondary head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves.
A in just about any molecule, with stretching frequencies between 2900 and 3300 cm. Oct 04, 2015 theoretical basics of energy losses in bends. In all cases, there was more energy lost for the nozzle mean0. Energy losses in bends introduction energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction between fluid particles. Test these qualitative predictions with a leaf energy balance excel spreadsheet program tleaf2. Method for calculation of cost of electrical power system. The bond energy between two ions e o expressed as a function of three parameters a, b and n. Weigh accurately g of water and pour into the kettle provided.
This study aims to quantify the energy losses in a lateral expansion and to further investigate how. This can fit to the losses in piping systems apparatus or be used by itself fitted to a wall and connected to a hydraulic bench. The experiment consists of a transparent cylinder and a webcam or a digital camera connected to a computer. Energy losses when a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to which some of the energy of the fluid is lost. In this experiment the thermal conductivity was measured for a copper bar and the temperature distributions were drawn for both a cylindrical and tapered bar and we get the following conclusions.
F122 energy losses in bends and fittings perrytech. Mean value of fluctuation is obtained approximately for measurements. It includes a pipe with a roughened internal bore, and pressure tapping points connected to a manometer. The underlying assumption in deriving this equation. For flow in a circular pipe, an expression for the head loss due to skin friction can be developed by applying the principles of conservation of energy and linear momentum 1. F122 energy losses in bends and fittings perrytech educational. This apparatus enables pressure loss measurements to be made on several small bore pipe circuit components, typical of those found in central heating installations. Each circuit includes various pipe system components. Heat loss experiment this resource takes the class through the stages of writing a science experiment and teaches learners how to write instructions. Major losses the major head loss in pipe flows is given by equation 3. Energy losses in pipe flow major energy loss due to friction minor energy losses a. Head loss summary head loss is the reduction in the total head sum of potential head, velocity head, and pressure head of a fluid caused by the friction present in the fluids motion.
Experiment energy losses in different wires ausgrid. Head loss fluid flow summary the main points of this chapter are summarized below. Introduction technical data the following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations. An experimental investigation of flow energy losses in open. Thompson department of chemical engineering, university of. Example lab report losses civl2310 fluid mechanics. The experiment was determining the efficiency of energy conversion of boiling water in an electric kettle. Experimental determination of local resistance coefficient. In this experiment, the influence of some these parameters on pressure losses in pipe flows will be evaluated by measuring flow rates through different types of pipes.
Energy losses in pipes used for the transportation of fluids water, petroleum etc. This apparatus enables pressure loss measurements to be made on several small bore pipe circuit components, typical of those found in. This validates the literature reported data indicating a reduction of erosion by using a larger radius elbow geometry. In this experiment you will explore how different types of wire affect the flow of electricity through them and practise using an ammeter in a circuit to to measure electric current. In general, the friction factor is a function of the reynolds number and the nondimensional surface roughness, ed. The experimental data proves that this assumption has certain accuracy. The model proposed to explain the results makes use of bernoullis equation for real. Elbow bends have proven to be difticult to both measure and represent the pressure loss. School of chemistry and biochemistry georgia institute of. The experiment allows us to test thoroughly the implication of the model and to. The experiment is a useful introduction to the bernoulli equation. Erosion is a leading cause of failure of oil and gas pipelines and fittings in fluid handling industries.
The lesson learned with this experiment was the energy losses in pipes due to different fittings. The first set of tests was designed to verify the effect of scale on the access hole junction loss experiments. Method for calculation of cost of electrical power system losses e jordanger, k sand r kristensen sintef energy research, norway norwegian water resources and energy directorate abstract this paper presents how costs of electrical power losses are calculated in norway. Investigation of the effects of energy losses on the flow. To compare the total work on an object to the change in its kinetic energy as a.
Major losses are associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the medium and roughness of the pipe wall. F122 energy losses in bends energy losses in bends introduction fluid mechanics has developed as an analytical discipline from the application of the classical laws of statics, dynamics and thermodynamics, to situations in which fluids can be treated as continuous media. The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the energy. The knowledge of data of such transformation allows the determination of the necessary power needed for the transportation of the. Solid particle erosion is a mechanical process that removes material by the impact of solid particles entrained in the flow. Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the. The experiment shows that the pressure at section 1 is not stable and there is certain fluctuation. Effect of bend radius on magnitude and location of erosion in. Hl 12gv1v22 this equation can be derived from bernoulli, continuity and momentum balans equations. These pressure losses are a function of various geometric and flow parameters including pipe diameter, length, internal surface roughness and type of fitting. Answer to use the bond energies provided to estimate the. Work and energy goals to apply the concept of work to each of the forces acting on an object pulled up an incline at constant speed.
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